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Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin, alternatively transliterated as Miliutin ((ロシア語:Николай Александрович Милютин), – October 4, 1942) was a Russian trade union and Bolshevik activist, participant in the October Revolution in Petrograd. After the revolution Milyutin held various executive appointments in Communist Russia related to social security, central planning and finance; reaching that of Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR in 1924–1929. Milyutin is, however, remembered as an urban planner and an amateur architect, author of ''Sotsgorod'' concept, and as the editor of ''Sovetskaya arkhitektura'' magazine in 1931–1934.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 11〕 ==Biography== Milyutin was born in Saint Petersburg; his grandfather was a port stevedore, his father a fisherman and fishmonger who also attempted to return to farming and work in the port; after Nikolay's birth he was injured at work and lived the remainder of his life on a disability pension, then already in place in Russian Empire.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 7〕 Despite father's wishes, teenager Nikolay was not inclined to business, rather, he tried to get an education and at the same time was involved in politics.〔 Around 1904 he made contacts with socialist democrats; he took part in the Bloody Sunday rally of and later in the storming of police departments to free up political detainees.〔 Milyutin looked for a training in architecture but lacked the secondary education required by established state colleges.〔 Independent "free" colleges established after the 1905 Russian Revolution eased access to education; in 1908–1909 Milyutin studied the Free Polytechnicum (''Вольный Политехникум'') and in 1910–1914 at the Baron Schtiglitz School of Arts (class of easel painting).〔 Through all these years Milyutin held a variety of jobs to make a living; he formally joined the Bolshevik faction of socialist-democrats in 1908 and remained an active Bolshevik agent.〔 Since 1912 Milyutin also worked at the Trade Union of Office Workers (''Союз конторщиков''), having a seat on its board since 1913 and managing the largest disability insurance fund in Russia, that of Putilov Works, since 1914.〔 After the beginning of World War I the government shut down the unions and crushed Bolshevik local cells; Milyutin was illegally engaged in restoring the network.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 8〕 In 1915 he was drafted into the army but never saw active combat service, always stationed near Saint Peterburg and engaged in Bolshevik operations.〔 He led his company against the tsar's government in the February Revolution and against the Provisional Government in July 1917; for the latter he was court-martialled to death by firing squad but was saved by another soldiers' mutiny.〔 Milyutin made personal contact with Vladimir Lenin on the day of his return from emigration in April 1917.〔 Later he and his company held defences against Kornilov threat and stormed the Winter Palace on the night of October Revolution.〔 According to Milyutin's own writing, on this night his detachments launched a frontal assault from the Arch of General Staff onto the barricades set by the loyalists around the Alexander Column, and was the first to cross this line.〔 In the beginning of 1918 Milyutin volunteered into Red Guards but the Petrograd Soviet called him back to civilian duties.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 9〕 Since then and until 1941 he held a variety of appointments in regional and national economic agencies: deputy Commissar of Social Security in 1921–1924, Commissar of Finances of the RSFSR in 1924–1929, chairman of the Lesser Sovnarkom in 1929–1930, deputy chairman of Tsentrosoyuz in 1930–1931, deputy Commissar of Education of the RSFSR in 1931–1933.〔 Milyutin, as the Commissar of Finance, was the client and sponsor of the Narkomfin Building by Moisei Ginzburg and Ignaty Milinis. Since 1928 Milyutin also chaired the Commission on New town Planning and collaborated with theoreticians Moisei Ginzburg and Mikhail Okhitovich on the planned housing and development policies.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 10〕 Since 1930 he chaired the Housing Commission within the Communist Academy and edited ''Sovetskaya Arkhitektura'' magazine, the only professional magazine left after dissolution of ''SA magazine''.〔 Unlike the latter, which was the voice of OSA Group, Milytin's magazine provided space for rival groups (VOPRA, ASNOVA) at the same time being in opposition to outright revivalism and eclecticism.〔 In 1933 ''Sovremennaya Arkhitektura'' briefly coexisted with the official ''Arkhitektura SSSR'' edited by Karo Alabyan; it was closed in 1934 after 19 issues, clearing the road to the monopoly of stalinist architecture.〔 In the second half of 1930s Milyutin gradually stepped aside from executive duties; he continued writing his ''General Theory of Architecture'' and lectured at the Academy of Arts in Leningrad.〔 His last significant appointment was that of artistic director on the construction site of the Palace of Soviets in Moscow, in 1939.〔Bocharov, Khan-Magomedov 2007 p. 12〕 In 1940 he finally obtained an architect's diploma at the Moscow Architectural Institute but declining health precluded him from further contributions. Milyutin was confined to bed by summer of 1941; he died in Moscow in October 1942.〔 Later, his life story was contaminated〔Cf. for example the language of a bio article at (【引用サイトリンク】 title=Nikolay Milyutin (in Russian) )〕 with the events of the life of his contemporary Vladimir Milyutin (1884–1937), Commissar of Agriculture and also a Central Planning theoretician and executive. Vladimir Milyutin was executed for counter-revolutionary charges; Nikolay Milyutin died in his own bed. There is evidence that his last years were, indeed, plagued by fear of repression and that his retreat into lesser and lesser jobs was sort of a voluntary retirement from the dangers of public exposure.〔Buchli, p. 106〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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